2006 - Authored

AchutaRao, K. and K. R. Sperber (2006). "El Nino/Southern oscillation simulation in coupled ocean-atmosphere models: Are the current models better?" Climate Dyn. 27: 1-15.

AchutaRao, K. M., B. D. Santer, et al. (2006). "Variability of ocean heat uptake: Reconciling observations and models." J. Geophys. Res. 111: C05019.

Boyle, J. (2006). "Upper level atmospheric stationary waves in the twentieth century climate of the Intergovernmental panel on climate change (IPCC) simulations." J. Geophys. Res., Atmos. 111: D14101.

Gleckler, P. J., K. Sperber, et al. (2006). "The annual cycle of global ocean heat content: observed and simulated." J. Geophys. Res. Ocean 111.

Gleckler, P. J., T. M. Wigley, et al. (2006). "Karatoa's signature persists in the ocean." Nature 439.

Klein, S. A., J. Boyle, et al. (2006). "Diagnosis of the summertime warm and dry bias over the U.S. Southern Great Plains in the GFDL climate model using a weather forecasting approach." Geophys. Res. Lett.: (in press).

Phillips, T. J., K. AchutaRao, et al. (2006). "Coupled climate model appraisal, a benchmark for future studies." EOS Trans. AGU 87(19): 185.

Phillips, T. J. and P. J. Gleckler (2006). "Evaluation of continental precipitation in 20th-century climate simulations: The utility of multi-model statistics." Water Resour. Res. 42.

Santer, B. D., J. E. Penner, et al. (2006). How well can the observed vertical temperature changes be reconciled with our understanding of the causes of these changes? Temperature trends in the lower atmosphere: steps for understanding and reconciling differences. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. T. R. Karl, S. J. Hassol, C. D. Miller and W. L. Murray. Asheville, NC, USA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center: 89-108.

Santer, B. D., R. Sausen, et al. (2006). "Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, and observations. Part II: Signal detectability." J. Geophys. Res.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2006). Causes of ocean surface temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific cyclogenesis region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

Sperber, K. R., G. Gualdi, et al. (2006). "The Madden-Julian oscillation in ECHAM4/4.6 coupled and uncoupled GCMs." Mon. Wea. Rev.

Xie, S. C., S. A. Klein, et al. (2006). "An assessment of the ECMWF analyses and model forecasts over the North Slope of Alaska using observations from the ARM mixed-phase arctic cloud experiment." J. Geophys. Res. 111: D05107.

Xie, S. C., S. A. Klein, et al. (2006). "Developing large-scale forcing data for single-column model and cloud-resolving model from the mixed-phase arctic cloud experiment." J. Geophys. Res.: (in press).

2006 - Co-Authored

Collins, W. D., M. Blackmon, et al. (2006). "The Community Climate System Model: CCSM3." J. Climate 19: 2122-2143.

Meehl, G. A., W. M. Washington, et al. (2006). "Climate change in the 20th and 21st centuries and climate change commitment in the CCSM3." J. Climate 19: 2597-2616.

Ramaswamy, V., M. D. Schwarzkopf, et al. (2006). "Anthropogenic and natural influences in the evolution of lower stratospheric cooling." Science 311: 1138-1141.

Stenchikov, G., K. Hamilton, et al. (2006). "Volcanic climate impacts in the IPCC AR4 19-20th century runs." J. Geophys. Res. 111: D07107.

Stott, P. A., J. F. B. Mitchell, et al. (2006). "Robustness of estimates of greenhouse attribution and observationally constrained predictions of global warming." J. Climate 19: 3055-3069.

Wigley, T. M. L., V. Ramaswamy, et al. (2006). Executive Summary. Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. T. R. Karl, S. J. Hassol, C. D. Miller and W. L. Murray. Asheville, NC, USA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center: 1-14.

2005 - Authored

Boyle, J. S., D. Williamson, et al. (2005). "Diagnosis of community atmospheric model 2 (CAM2) in numerical weather forecast configuration at Atmospheric Radiation Measurement sites." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15S15.

Fiorino, M. (2005). "An assessment of climate model performance using the Kön climate classification system." Climate Dyn.

Gleckler, P. J. (2005). "Surface energy balance errors in AGCMs: Implications for ocean-atmosphere model coupling." Geophys. Res. Lett. 32: L15708.

Gleckler, P. J., T. Wigley, et al. (2005). "Kakatau's long goodbye in the Ocean." Nature.

Klein, S. A., J. Boyle, et al. (2006). "Diagnosis of the summertime warm and dry bias over the U.S. Southern Great Plains in the GFDL climate model using a weather forecasting approach." Geophys. Res. Lett.: (in press).

Klein, S. A., R. Pincus, et al. (2005). "How might a statistical cloud scheme be coupled with a mass-flux convection scheme?" J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15S06.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2005). "Amplification of surface temperature trends and variability in the tropical atmosphere." Science 309: 1551-1556.

Taylor, K. E., P. J. Gleckler, et al. (2005). "Tracking changes in the performance of AMIP models, the second phase of the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP2): toward innovative model diagnostics." WCRP report.

2005 - Co-Authored

Annamalai, H., K. Hamilton, et al. (2005). "South Asian summer monsoon and its relationship with ENSO in the IPCC AR4 simulations." J. Climate (in Press).

Annamalai, H. and K. R. Sperber (2005). "Regional heat sources and the active and break phases of Boreal summer intraseasonal variability." J. Atmos. Sci. 62: 2726-2748.

Barnett, T. P., D. Pierce, et al. (2005). "Penetration of human-induced warming signal into the world's oceans." Science 309: 284-287.

Barnett, T. P., F. Zwiers, et al. (2005). "Detecting and attributing external influences on the climate system: A review of recent advances." J. Climate 18: 1291-1314.

Christy, J. R., W. B. Norris, et al. (2005). "Tropospheric temperature change since 1979 from tropical radiosonde and satellite measurements." J. Geophys. Res.

Eyring, V., N. R. P. Harris, et al. (2005). "A strategy for process-oriented validation of coupled chemistry-climate models." Bull. Amer. Met. Soc. 86: 1117-1133.

Gordon, N. D., J. R. Norris, et al. (2005). "Cluster analysis of cloud regimes and characteristic dynamics of midlatitude synoptic systems in observations and a model." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15S17.

Hatsushika, H., J. Tsutsui, et al. (2005). "Analysis of tropical cyclones in the Japanese 25-year reanalysis (JRA-25)." J. Meteor. Soc. of Japan.

Kim, B. G., S. A. Klein, et al. (2005). "Continental liquid-water cloud variability and its parameterization using ARM data." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15/S08.

Lin, J. L., G. N. Kiladis, et al. (2005). "Tropical intraseasonal variability in 14 IPCC AR4 climate models Part I: convective signals." J. Climate (2006) V19(12): 2665-2690.

Liu, P., B. Wang, et al. (2005). "The Madden-Julian oscillation in the national center for atmospheric research community atmospheric model-2 with the Tiedtke convective scheme." J. Climate 18: 3007-3020.

Meehl, G. A., C. Covey, et al. (2005). "Overview of the coupled model intercomparison project." Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 86: 89-93.

Pierce, D., T. P. Barnett, et al. (2005). "Anthropogenic warming of the oceans: observations and model results." J. Climate 19(10): 1873-1900.

Pincus, R., C. Hannay, et al. (2005). "Overlap assumptions for assumed-PDF cloud schemes in large-scale models." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15S09.

Pincus, R., R. Hemler, et al. (2005). "Using stochastically-generated subcolumns to represent cloud structure in a large-scale model." Monthly Weather Review.

Slingo, J. M., P. M. Inness, et al. (2005). Modelling the Madden-Julian oscillation. Chapter 11 in Intraseasonal Variability of the Atmosphere-Ocean Climate System. W. K. M. Lau and D. E. Waliser. Praxis Publishing: 361-380.

Sudradjat, A., R. R. Ferraro, et al. (2005). "A comparison of total precipitable water between reanalyses and NVAP." J. Climate 18: 1790-1807.

Sun, D. Z., T. Zhang, et al. (2005). "On the radioactive and dynamical feedbacks over the equatorial cold-tongue: results from seven atmospheric GCMs." J. Climate 16: 2425-2432

Stenchikov, G., K. Hamilton, et al. (2006). "Volcanic climate impacts in the IPCC AR4 19-20th century runs." J. Geophys. Res. 111: D07107.

Stott, P. A., J. F. B. Mitchell, et al. (2006). "Robustness of estimates of greenhouse attribution and observationally constrained predictions of global warming." J. Climate 19: 3055-3069.

Wigley, T. M. L., V. Ramaswamy, et al. (2006). Executive Summary. Temperature Trends in the Lower Atmosphere: Steps for Understanding and Reconciling Differences. A Report by the U.S. Climate Change Science Program and the Subcommittee on Global Change Research. T. R. Karl, S. J. Hassol, C. D. Miller and W. L. Murray. Asheville, NC, USA, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Climatic Data Center: 1-14.

Wigley, T. M. L., C. M. Ammann, et al. (2005). "The effect of climate sensitivity on the response to volcanic forcing." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D09107.

Wigley, T. M. L., C. M. Ammann, et al. (2005). "Using the Mount Pinatubo volcanic eruption to determine climate sensitivity: Comments on "Climate forcing by the volcanic eruption of Mount Pinatubo", by David H. Douglass and Robert S. Knox." Geo. Res. Lett. 32: L20709.

Williamson, D. L., J. Boyle, et al. (2005). "Moisture and temperature balances at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Southern Great Plains Site in forecasts with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM2)." J. Geophys. Res. 110: D15S16.

2004 - Authored

Covey, C., P. J. Gleckler, et al. (2004). "Secular trends and climate drift in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models." J. Geophys. Res., Atmos. 111: D03107.

Fiorino, M. (2004). "A multi-decadal daily sea surface temperature & sea ice concentration data set for the ECMWF ERA-40 reanalysis. ERA-40 Project Report Series No. 12." European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts 16.

Phillips, T. J. (2004). "Reproducibility of seasonal land-surface climate." Journal of Hydrometeorology 7: 114-136.

Phillips, T. J. and P. J. Gleckler (2004). "Evaluation of continental precipitation in 20th-century climate simulations." Water Resour. Res. 42: W03202.

Phillips, T. J., G. L. Potter, et al. (2004). "Evaluating parameterizations in general circulation models: Climate simulation meets weather prediction." Bull. of the Amer. Meteor. Soc. 85: 1903-1915.

Phillips, T. J. and S. C. Xie (2004). "The CCPP-ARM parameterization testbed (CAPT): Where climate simulation meet with weather prediction." Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 85: 1903-1915.

Santer, B. D., M. F. Wehner, et al. (2004). "Response to comment on "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes." Science 303: 1771.

Santer, B. D. and T. M. L. Wigley (2004). New fingerprints of human effects on climate. International Seminar on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies, 30th Session. R. Ragaini, World Scientific Publishing, New Jersey: 69-85.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2004). "Identification of anthropogenic climate change using a second-generation reanalysis." J. Geophys. Res. 109.

Sperber, K. R. (2004). "Madden-Julian Variability in NCAR CAM2.0 and CCSM2.0." Clim. Dyn. 23: 259-278.

Sperber, K. R. and H. Annamalai (2004). An appraisal of coupled climate model simulations.

Sperber, K. R. and H. Annamalai (2004). Asian Summer Monsoon Intraseasonal Variability in General Circulation Models. Livermore, CA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

Xie, S. C., M. H. Zhang, et al. (2004). "Impact of a revised convective triggering mechanism on CAM2 model simulations: results from short-range weather forecasts." J. Geophys. Res. 109: D14102.

2004 - Co-Authored

Eyring, V., N. R. P. Harris, et al. (2004). "Comprehensive summary of the workshop on "Process-oriented validation of coupled chemistry-climate models". Stratospheric Processes and their Role." Climate, Newsletter 23: 5-11.

Gillett, N. P., B. D. Santer, et al. (2004). "Quantifying the influence of stratospheric cooling on satellite-derived tropospheric temperature trends." Nature,.

Hannachi, A., D. B. Stephenson, et al. (2004). "Probability-based methods for quantifying nonlinearity in the ENSO." Climate Dyn. 22: 69-70.

Seidel, D. J., J. Angell, et al. (2004). "Uncertainty in signals of large-scale climate variations in radiosonde and satellite upper-air temperature datasets." J. Climate 17: 2225-2240.

Slingo, J. M., P. M. Inness, et al. (2004). Modelling the Madden Julian Oscillation.

2003 - Authored

Covey, C. (2003). Asteroids and comets, effects on earth. Encyclopedia of Global Environmental Change. M. C. MacCracken and J. Perry, John Wiley: 205-211.

Covey, C., K. M. AchutaRao, et al. (2003). "An overview of results from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project." Global and Planetary Change 37: 103-133.

Phillips, T. J., G. L. Potter, et al. (2003). The CCPP-ARM Parameterization Testbed (CAPT). A Strategic Plan.

Santer, B. D., R. Sausen, et al. (2003). "Behavior of tropopause height and atmospheric temperature in models, reanalyses, and observations: Decadal changes." J. Geophys. Res. 108(D1): 4002.

Santer, B. D., M. F. Wehner, et al. (2003). "Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes." Science 301: 479-483.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2003). "Influence of satellite data uncertainties on the detection of externally-forced climate change." Science 300: 1280-1284.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2003). "Response to J. R. Christy and R. W. Spencer." Science 301: 1047-1049.

Sperber, K. R. (2003). "Propagation and the vertical structure of the Madden-Julian Oscillation." Mon. Wea. Rev. 131: 3018-3037.

Sperber, K. R. and T. Yasunari (2003). "The 1st Pan-WCRP workshop on monsoon climate systems: toward better prediction of monsoons." (in press).

Xie, S. C., R. T. Cederwall, et al. (2003). "Comparison of SCM and CSRM forcing data derived from the ECMWF model and from objective analysis at the ARM SGP site." J. Geophys. Res. 108(D16): 4499.

2003 - Co-Authored

Black, E., J. Slingo, et al. (2003). "East African rainfall and Indian Ocean SST." Mon. Wea. Rev. 131: 74-94.

Braconnot, P., S. Joussaume, et al. (2003). The second phase of the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project. (PMIP-II, CLIVAR Exchanges, No. 28 , 8, No. 4): 19-20.

Hannachi, A., D. B. Stephenson, et al. (2003). "Corrigendum: Probability-based methods for quantifying nonlinearity in the ENSO." Climate Dyn. 20: 241-250.

Sausen, R. and B. D. Santer (2003). "Use of changes in tropopause height to detect human influences on climate." Meteor. Z. 12: 131-136.

Smith, R. L., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2003). "A bivariate time series approach to anthropogenic trend detection in hemispheric mean temperatures." J. Climate 16: 1228-1240.

2002 - Authored

AchutaRao, K., K. R. Sperber, et al. (2002). "Simulation of El Niñouthern Oscillation: Results from the coupled model intercomparison project." Climate Dyn. 19: 191-209.

Covey, C. C. and et. al (2002). "Comment on thermal pollution causes global warming by B. Nordell." Global and Planetary Change 47: 72.

Xie, S. C. and 23 Co-authors (2002). "Intercomparison and evaluation of cumulus parameterization under summertime mid-latitude continental conditions." Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 128: 1095-1136.

2002 - Co-Authored

Davey, M., M. Huddleston, et al. (2002). "The study of tropical oceans in coupled models." Climate Dyn. 18(403-420).

Hansen, J., M. Sato, et al. (2002). "Climate forcings in GISS SI2000 simulations." J. Geophys. Res. 107(D18): 4347.

Karl, T. R., J. Christy, et al. (2002). Understanding recent atmospheric temperature trends and reducing future uncertainties. Contribution to Strategic Plan for U.S. Climate Change Science Program. Washington, DC: 21.

Waliser, D. E., J. Ridout, et al. (2002). "A model assessment of the variational objective analysis: implications for atmospheric field programs." J. Atmos. Sci. 59: 3436-3456.

2001 - Authored

Dubois, P. F. (2001). "Fortran: A space odyssey." Computing in Science and Engineering 3(2): 54-59.

Duffy, P. B., C. Doutriaux, et al. (2001). "Effect of missing data on estimates of near-surface temperature change since 1900." J. Climate 14: 2809-2814.

Govindasamy, B., K. E. Taylor, et al. (2001). "Limitations of the equivalent CO2 approximation in climate change simulations." J. Geophys. Res. 106: 22593-22603.

Phillips, T. J. (2001). On the potential predictability of seasonal land-surface climate. PCMDI Report No. 68. Livermore, CA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: 43.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2001). "Accounting for the effects of volcanoes and ENSO in comparisons of modeled and observed temperature trends." J. Geophys. Res. 106: 28033-280593.

Santer, B. D., T. M. L. Wigley, et al. (2001). "Accounting for the effects of volcanoes and ENSO in comparisons of modeled and observed temperature trends." Science 287: 1227-1232.

Sperber, K. R. and SMIP Participants (2001). "Dynamical seasonal predictability of the Asian summer monsoon." Mon. Wea. Rev. 129: 2226-2248.

Taylor, K. E. (2001). "Summarizing multiple aspects of model performance in a single diagram." J. Geophys. Res. 106: 7183-7192.

Wehner, M., K. Taylor, et al. (2001). PCMDI analysis of candidate atmospheric models for CCSM, Parts 1 and 2. Livermore, CA, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

2001 - Co-Authored

Black, E., J. M. Slingo, et al. (2001). "An observational study of the relationship between excessively strong short rains in equatorial East Africa and Indian Ocean SST." Mon. Wea. Rev. 131: 69-70.

Kistler, R., W. Collins, et al. (2001). "The NCEP/NCAR 50-year reanalysis: monthly-means CD-ROM and documentation." Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. 82: 247-267.

Pawson, S., L. Takacs, et al. (2001). "The tropical upper troposphere and lower stratosphere in the GEOS-2 GCM." Adv. Space Research 27: 1457-1465.

Sun, D. Z., C. Covey, et al. (2001). "ertical correlations of water vapor in GCMs." Geophys. Res. Lett. 28: 259-262.

Taylor, P., S. Gulev, et al. (2001). Report of the Joint WCRP/SCOR Working Group on Air-Sea Fluxes. P. Taylor, Ed.

Taylor, P., S. Gulev, et al. (2001). Report of the Joint WCRP/SCOR Working Group on Air-Sea Fluxes. P. Taylor, Ed.

Trenberth, K. E., D. P. Stepaniak, et al. (2001). "Quality of reanalyses in the Tropics." J. Climate 14: 1499-1510.

1988 - 2001

AchutaRao, K. and K. R. Sperber, 2002: Simulation of the El Niño southern oscillation: Results from the coupled model intercomparison project. Climate Dyn ., 19, 191-209.

Annamalai, H., J. M. Slingo, K. R. Sperber, and K. Hodges, 1999: The mean evolution and variability of the Asian summer monsoon: Comparison of ECMWF and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses. Mon. Wea. Rev ., 127, 1157-1186.

Barnett, T.P., B.D. Santer, P.D. Jones, R.S. Bradley, and K.R. Briffa, 1996: Estimates of low frequency natural variability in near-surface air temperature. The Holocene , 6, 255-263.

Barnett, T.P., G. Hegerl, B.D. Santer, and K.E. Taylor, 1998: The potential effect of GCM uncertainties and internal atmospheric variability on anthropogenic signal detection. J. Climate , 11, 659-675.

Barnett, T.P., M. Chelliah, K. Hasselmann, G.C. Hegerl, P.D. Jones, E. Rasmusson, C. Ropelewski, and B.D. Santer, 1999: Detection and attribution of recent climate change: A status report . Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc. , 80, 2631-2659.

Bell, J., P.B. Duffy, C. Covey and L. Sloan, 2000: Comparison of temperature variability in observations and sixteen climate model simulations, Geophys. Res. Letts ., 27, 261-264.

Blackmon, M., B. Boville, F. Bryan, R. Dickinson, P. Gent, J. Kiehl, R. Moritz, D. Randall, J. Shukla, S. Solomon, G. Bonan, S. Doney, I. Fung, J. Hack, E. Hunke, J. Hurrell, J. Kutzbach, J. Meehl, B. Otto-Bliesner, R. Saravanan, E.K. Schneider, L. Sloan, M. Spall, K. Taylor, J. Tribbia, W. Washington, 2001: The Community Climate System Model. Bull. Amer. Meteor. Soc ., 82, 2357-2376.

Boer, G. J., K. Arpe, M. Blackburn, M. Deque, W. L. Gates, T. L. Hart, H. Le Treut, E. Roeckner, D. A. Sheinin, I. Simmonds, R. N. B. Smith, T. Tokioka, R. T. Wetherald and D. Williamson, 1992: Some results from an intercomparison of the climates simulated by 14 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. , 97, 12771-12786.

Boyle, J. S., 1993: Sensitivity of dynamical quantities to horizontal resolution for a climate simulation using the ECMWF (cycle 33) model. J. Climate , 6, 796-815.

Boyle, J. S., 1994: The interrelationship between temperature changes in the free atmosphere (MSU channel 2) and sea surface temperature changes in a ten year AMIP climate simulation. J. Geophys. Res. , 99, 10365-10375.

Boyle, J. S., 1994: The northern wintertime divergence extrema at 200 hPa and MSLP cyclones as simulated in the AMIP integration by the ECMWF general circulation model. J. Climate , 7, 24-32.

Boyle, J. S., 1998: Evaluation of the annual cycle of precipitation over the United States in GCMs: AMIP
simulations. J. Climate , 11, 1041-1055.

Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, J. P. Blanchet, G. J. Boer, S. J. Ghan, J. T. Kiehl, S. B. A. Liang, J. F. B. Mitchell, D. A. Randall, M. R. Riches, E. Roeckner, U. Schlese, A. Slingo, K. E. Taylor, W. M. Washington, R. T. Wetherald and I. Yagai, 1989: Interpretation of cloud-climate feedback as produced by fourteen atmospheric general circulation models. Science , 245, 513-516.

Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, J. P. Blanchet, G. J. Boer, A. D. Del Genio, M. Deque, V. Dymnikov, V., Galin, W. L. Gates, S. J. Ghan, J. T. Kiehl, A. A. Lacis, H. Le Treut, Z.-X. Li, B. J. McAvaney, V. P. Meleshko, J. F. B. Mitchell, J.-J. Morcette, D. A. Randall, L. Rikus, E. Roeckner, J. F. Royer, U. Schlese, D. A. Sheinin, A. Slingo, A. P. Sokolov, K. E. Taylor, W. M. Washington, I. Yagai and M.-H. Zhang, 1990: Intercomparison and interpretation of climate feedback processes in 19 atmospheric general circulation models. J. Geophys. Res. , 95, 16,601-16,615.

Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, M.-H. Zhang, J. P. Blanchet, S. Chalita, R. Colman, D. A. Dazlich, A. D. Del Genio, V. Dymnikov, V. Galin, D. Jerrett, E. Keup, A. A. Lacis, H. Le Treut, X.-Z. Liang, J.-F. Mahfouf, B. J. McAvaney, V. P. Meleshko, J. F. B. Mitchell, J -J. Morcette, P. M. Norris, D. A. Randall, L. Rikus, E. Roeckner, J.-F. Royer, U. Schlese, D. A. Sheinin, J. M. Slingo, A. P. Sokolov, K. E. Taylor, W. M. Washington, R. T. Wetherald and I. Yagai, 1991: Interpretation of snow-climate feed-back as produced by 17 general circulation models. Science , 253, 888-892.

Cess, R. D., G. L. Potter, W. L. Gates, J.-J. Morcrette and L. Corsetti, 1992: Comparison of general circulation models to earth radiation budget experiment data: computation of clear-sky fluxes. J. Geophys. Res. , 97, 20,421-20,426.

Cess, R. D., M.-H. Zhang, G. L. Potter, H. W. Barker, R. A. Colman, D. A. Dazlich, A. D. Del Genio, M. Esch, J. R. Fraser, V. Galin, W. L. Gates, J. J. Hack, W. Ingram, J. T. Kiehl, A. A. Lacis, H. Le Treut, Z.-X. Li, X.-Z. Liang, J. F. Mahfouf, B. J. McAvaney, V. P. Meleshko, J.-J. Morcrette,D. A. Randall, E. Roeckner, J.-F. Royer, A. P. Sokolov, P. V. Sporyshev, K. E. Taylor, W.-C. Wang and R. T. Wetherald, 1993: Uncertainties in carbon dioxide radiative forcing in atmospheric general circulation models. Science , 262, 1252-1255.

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